用英语介绍我最喜欢的动物企鹅 树袋熊又叫考拉、无尾熊、可拉熊，学名：phascolarctoscinereus胜古迹英文名：koala栖息地为australia企鹅学名：sphenisciformes英文句：penguin鸵鸟学名：struthiocamelus 英文名：ostrich（非洲鸵鸟）emu（澳洲鸵鸟）arhea.（美洲鸵）
栖息地为africa penguins(ordersphenisciformes,familyspheniscidae)areagroupofaquatic,flightlessbirdslivingalmostexclusivelyinthesouthernhemisphere,especiallyinantarctica.highlyadaptedforlifeinthewater,penguinshavecountershadeddarkandwhiteplumage,andtheirwingshavebecomeflippers.mostpenguinsfeedonkrill,fish,squid,andotherformsofsealifecaughtwhileswimmingunderwater.theyspendabouthalfoftheirlifeonlandandhalfintheoceans.
althoughallpenguinspeciesarenativetothesouthernhemisphere,theyarenotfoundonlyincoldclimates,suchasantarctica.infact,onlyafewspeciesofpenguinlivesofarsouth.severalspeciesarefoundinthetemperatezone,andonespecies,thegalápagospenguin,livesneartheequator.
thelargestlivingspeciesistheemperorpenguin(aptenodytesforsteri):adultsaverageabout1.1m(3ft7in)tallandweigh35kg(75lb)ormore.thesmallestpenguinspeciesisthelittlebluepenguin(eudyptulaminor),alsoknownasthefairypenguin,whichstandsaround40cmtall(16in)andweighs1kg(2.2lb).amongextantpenguins,largerpenguinsinhabitcolderregions,whilesmallerpenguinsaregenerallyfoundintemperateoreventropicalclimates(seealsobergmann'srule).someprehistoricspeciesattainedenormoussizes,becomingastallorasheavyasanadulthuman(seebelowformore).thesewerenotrestrictedtoantarcticregions;onthecontrary,subantarcticregionsharbouredhighdiversity,andatleastonegiantpenguinoccurredinaregionnotquite2,000kmsouthoftheequator35mya,inaclimatedecidedlywarmerthantoday.
etymology
penguinmaycomefromthelatinpinguis,“fat”.thisissupportedbythefactthatthecorrespondingwordsinmostotherlanguages(e.g.,frenchpingouin,germanpinguin)haveiinsteadofeasthefirstvowel.[1]whatmaybeakingpenguinbutcertainlyisamemberofthespheniscidaeappearsona1599mapatthestraitofmagellanwiththecaption"pinguyn".themap'sfeaturesarelabeledinlatin,suchasfretummagellanicum("straitofmagellan").inaddition,thereisampleevidencethatthelatintermansermagellanicus("gooseofmagellan"or"magellanicgoose")wastheusualtermforpenguinsinthescholarlyliteratureofthattime.asasidenote,thefrenchpingouinactuallytranslatestoenglishastheauk,aspenguinsarecalledmanchotinfrench.
thewordpenguinisthoughtbysometoderivefromthewelshwordspen(head)andgwyn(white),[1]appliedtothegreatauk,whichhadwhitespotsinfrontofitseyes(althoughitsheadwasblack);orfromanislandoffnewfoundlandknownaspengwyn,duetoitshavingalargewhiterock.(inthelattercase,thenamemayalsohavecomefrombreton.)thisfancifultheoryishighlyunlikely,sincepenguinsdonotactuallyhavewhiteheads,andtherearenootherexamplesofawelshwordbecomingthebasisofwordsthroughouteuropelanguages.welshwasnotevenspokeninengland,letalonethroughouteurope.furthermorepenguinshavenoparticularlinktothewelshthatwouldleadtoforeignersborrowingawordfromwelsh.awelshiisoftensound-shiftedtoaneintheenglishlanguage.[2]
anothertheorystatesthatthewordisanalterationof“pen-wing”,withreferencetotherudimentarywingsofbothgreatauksandpenguins,butthereisnoevidencetosupportthis.[1]
inafinaltwisttothestory,theterm"magellanicgoose"(todayusually"magellangoose")inourtimehascometodenoteanactualanseriform,namelyachloephagasheldgoose.
systematicsandevolution
livingspeciesandrecentextinctions
emperorpenguins(aptenodytesforsteri),thelargestlivingspecies.
adeliepenguin(pygoscelisadeliae)feedingyoung.likeitsrelatives,aneatlybi-colouredspecieswithaheadmarking.
magellanicpenguins(spheniscusmagellanicus)guardingnestburrow.theclosedneckcollardenotesthisspecies.
closeupofsouthernrockhopperpenguin(eudypteschrysocome).thenumberofextantpenguinspeciesisdebated.dependingonwhichauthorityisfollowed,penguinbiodiversityvariesbetween17and20livingspecies,allinthesubfamilyspheniscinae.somesourcesconsiderthewhite-flipperedpenguinaseparateeudyptulaspecies,whileotherstreatitasasubspeciesofthelittlepenguin;[3][4]theactualsituationseemstobemorecomplicated.[5]similarly,itisstillunclearwhethertheroyalpenguinismerelyacolormorphofthemacaronipenguin.thestatusoftherockhopperpenguinsisalsounclear.
updatedaftermarples(1962),acostahospitaleche(2004),andksepkaetal.(2006).
subfamilyspheniscinae–modernpenguins
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